11/20/2024
Exciting news on the front of astrophysics this year, per a conference on a dark energy, whose findings are found at https://data.desi.lbl.gov/doc/papers/, as summarized by the Associated Press.
"Astronomers know that the universe is being pushed apart at an accelerating rate and they have puzzled for decades over what could possibly be speeding everything up. They theorize that a powerful, constant force is at play, one that fits nicely with the main mathematical model that describes how the universe behaves. But they can't see it and they don't know where it comes from, so they call it dark energy.
It is so vast it is thought to make up nearly 70% of the universe — while ordinary matter like all the stars and planets and people make up just 5%.
But findings published earlier this year by an international research collaboration of more than 900 scientists from around the globe yielded a major surprise. As the scientists analyzed how galaxies move they found that the force pushing or pulling them around did not seem to be constant. And the same group published a new, broader set of analyses Tuesday that yielded a similar answer.
“I did not think that such a result would happen in my lifetime,” said Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki, a cosmologist at the University of Texas at Dallas who is part of the collaboration.
Called the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, it uses a telescope based in Tucson, Arizona to create a three-dimensional map of the universe’s 11-billion-year history to see how galaxies have clustered throughout time and across space. That gives scientists information about how the universe evolved, and where it might be heading.
The map they are building would not make sense if dark energy were a constant force, as it is theorized. Instead, the energy appears to be changing or weakening over time. If that is indeed the case, it would upend astronomers' standard cosmological model. It could mean that dark energy is very different than what scientists thought — or that there may be something else altogether going on ... Because dark energy is the biggest component of the universe, its behavior determines the universe’s fate, explained David Spergel, an astrophysicist and president of the Simons Foundation. If dark energy is constant, the universe will continue to expand, forever getting colder and emptier. If it’s growing in strength, the universe will expand so speedily that it’ll destroy itself in what astronomers call the Big Rip."
https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dark-energy-pushing-universe-apart-scientists-116030824
Deconstructing the same for those less familiar with astrophysics, scientists involved with the measurement of how far galaxies in the universe are from one another -- after those galaxies were blown and spun off a giant supernovae-like universal explosion event known as the "Big Bang" -- can prove that galaxies towards the edge of the observable universe (as far as we can see with our best technology) have been accelerating away from one another, but where acceleration requires energy, but where there is no residual exponentially increasing energy source at or near the center of the Big Bang explosion (which our galaxy is close to the center of), short of ignoring the law of thermodynamics, specifically "energy can't be created nor destroyed, only transferred".
And so some unseen force is causing galaxies closer to the edge of the observable universe to accelerate, and so a placeholder calculation of the force required to cause this acceleration has been called dark energy, but it violates the above law of thermodynamics, and thus is impossible at best, as explained in one of our previous articles, which proposed an alternative and more reasonable solution, concave gravity, or more mass outside of the observable universe pulling the contents of the Big Bang apart as the distance between the content of the Big Bang and the mass outside of the observable universe decreases, resulting in an increase in the force of gravity on the contents of the Big Bang "falling" towards much greater mass outside of the observable universe in every direction.
The two diagrams in this article are explained in this link above with different levels of detail, but each diagram is also self-explanatory, and each fits well with findings of this enormous dark energy conference -- that the acceleration of galaxies at the edge of the observable universe is not constant, but stronger and weaker, in a manner that gravity can explain without having to invent an impossible placeholder calculation that violates the basic laws of science.
This is the most exciting contribution of this massive dark energy conference -- that the rates of acceleration are not constant as the impossible dark energy theory proposes, which would be predictable and measurable using the concave gravity theory.
Predictable because the observable universe is not homogenous, and thus different regions of the universe will have a greater or less gravitational pull as a result of mass clumping or larger masses, because the mass from the Big Bang is not evenly distributed (and yet there is a residual redshift energy, which is also not evenly distributed and yet is seemingly ubiquitous), and so because the observable universe is only as far as our best technology can measure or sense, then better technology would allow us to see a little more of the universe over time.
We used to only see the Sun, the moon, comets, asteroids, meteorites, and planets around us, at which point we thought the Earth was the center of the entire universe, only to find out that the Earth was in fact only the center of the observable universe.
As we built more and more sophisticated technologies, satellites, telescopes on and off the Earth, and different filters of light and particles, we slowly increased the size of the universe we could observe, and we began to find enormous structures in the universe far larger than anything we could previously comprehend.
What dark energy and galactic expansion observations have prompted us to think about is whether or not there is much more mass outside of the observable universe, and the most recent dark energy conference findings support that indeed much more mass and/or much larger structures of matter outside of the observable universe may exist than inside the observable universe, and its gravitational pull is what may more simply be causing the acceleration of the galaxies found closer to the unobservable universe.
But the impossible dark energy theory in its hubris advocated for a constant acceleration by dark energy as a property of space-time fabric, now debunked as not constant but stronger in some areas than other areas, and thus easily explained by gravity by the heterogenous and not homogenous larger and smaller cosmic masses inside and outside of the observable universe, which exert stronger and weaker gravitational forces on surrounding matter, resulting in non-constant acceleration of smaller masses towards larger masses.
"Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. Separated objects attract and are attracted as if all their mass were concentrated at their centers. The publication of the law has become known as the "first great unification", as it marked the unification of the previously described phenomena of gravity on Earth with known astronomical behaviors.[1][2][3]
This is a general physical law derived from empirical observations by what Isaac Newton called inductive reasoning.[4] It is a part of classical mechanics and was formulated in Newton's work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("the Principia"), first published on 5 July 1687.
The equation for universal gravitation thus takes the form:
πΉ=πΊπ1π2π2,
where F is the gravitational force acting between two objects, m1 and m2 are the masses of the objects, r is the distance between the centers of their masses, and G is the gravitational constant."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation
And this concave gravity theory we have proposed, driving the acceleration of galaxies is testable and measurable, using the universal equation for gravity, and these scientists in their hunt for dark energy are seemingly measuring, testing, and proving that concave gravity exists, because some greater mass outside of the observable universe is causing our most distant galaxies to accelerate/fall towards the greater (local) mass, and the (local) mass can be quantified by finding for the missing mass in the universal equation for gravity for any accelerating Galaxy.
Furthermore, a map of the local unobservable universe could be developed by having a computer take the acceleration measurements by this recent dark energy conference, and then using that acceleration as the force of gravity in the universal gravity equation, and then finding for the missing mass for the accelerating galaxies closest to the unobservable universe boundary for the vectors of those furthest accelerating galaxies.
