08/05/2025
Revisiting some of our earlier reporting in the African Mutterland section link above, and illustrated in the image above, we were concerned with the impossible dark energy theory explanation for the acceleration of the furthest galaxies in the observable universe, which New Zealand physicists have since debunked as impossible in a different manner than we debunked, supra.
Dark energy was a placeholder calculation dreamers invented to kind of self-justify their rape of the notion of how space expands in what resembled circular or flawed reasoning, proposing that a fabricated and impossible (and hidden, dark, and not measurable) energy source/theory that violates the laws of thermodynamics -- the conservation of energy in thermodynamics -- would 13 billion years after the Big Bang release more energy later but in a hidden or not measurable manner, as to begin to accelerate our furthest galaxies at every point in space?
Said differently, the dark energy theory is a car with no gas, and because it has no gas, the car and/or theory cannot move, and so the theory literally has no momentum, while claiming to be the perpetual or increasing source of momentum fueled by dark energy? Sounds like dark energy should run for the President of the United States, because that's tinfoil hat crazy and backasswards.
The Big Bang released the most energy during the Big Bang, and for 13 billion plus years much of that energy has slowed down into large cosmic structures like blackhole and/or dark matter, structures that are so large light can't escape the gravity, but we can see these structures, because they bend light towards them, and so there is an estimated 5% of what was blown off the Big Bang visible to us with our best technology -- is how much the energy blown off the Big Bang, and how much energy has slowed or cooled into mass. Accordingly, to propose a fabricated and untestable energy source capable of accelerating our furthest galaxies, would require an enormous and/or increasing energy source, to accelerate some of the largest structures in the known universe.
Emily de Chatelet, a friend of Isaac Newton, contributed to his work, that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transferred, and this has since become a pillar in physics theory, specifically the conservation of energy in thermodynamics, core content for high school and university physics and chemistry courses.
And all readers will be thrilled that Einstein then proved that anything with mass (m), has an equivalent quantity of energy (E) composing that mass (m), whose resting mass (m) at zero momentum is expressed as electron volts (E = Energy) divided by the speed of light squared (c2), using Einstein's E=mc2. This means that if you have mass, you are made of something that has always existed and which cannot be destroyed, but rather it changes forever, known as energy (E), which is why Einstein's work is so thrilling.
Einstein + de Chatelet = What makes you, has always existed + What makes you, will always exist
= Infinite existence (Sweet, thanks Einstein and de Chatelet!)
Another way to think of this is that everything (bosons and fermions) start(s) as energy, and this energy moves at the speed of light. As some of that energy slows down slower than the speed of light, it condenses and forms the different fundamental particles that become the phases of matter with mass and the forces acting on those particles.
So the energy blown off the Big Bang at or closer to the speed of light eventually slowed down enough to form particles like Higgs boson, top quark, and tau, from which most other force and mass particles are derived.
The observable universe is a boundary defined by, "as far as we can see" with our best technologies, within which is a concentration of energy and energy-derived structures at different scales, and composing two types of force and matter particles (slowed or condensed energy), specifically fermions (half-spinning particles, matter particles) and bosons (not-half-spinning particles, force particles).
Revisiting the acceleration of the furthest galaxies blown off the Big Bang, travelling at a speed of at least 2.5 million miles per hour, the Big Bang released a massive amount of energy like a giant supernova, and like a giant supernova, that energy slowed or cooled and formed the fundamental particles that make force and matter. The fundamental particles close to the edge of the observable universe are accelerating or gaining momentum.
A simple explanation we have proposed is that there is much greater mass outside of the observable universe, and that we are freefalling towards the same in every direction, which perfectly aligns with New Zealand's findings, that the acceleration of the furthest galaxies is 'clumpy' or not the same, which is what our theory proposes as well, because matter and energy are not homogenously but heterogeneously distributed across the universe, and, much greater mass outside of the observable universe would also be expected not to be homogenous, and so it too would be clumpy, and so proposing that much greater mass, momentum, and/or energy outside of the observable universe as to cause clumpy acceleration or freefall of our furthest galaxies, one of the largest suspected cosmic cliffs in the local universe, with the likes of our largest cosmic superstructures and blackholes being much, much smaller cliffs or concentrations of mass/energy.
And our theory, unlike dark energy, is provable, because the furthest galaxies are accelerating towards something in a clumpy manner, and this acceleration is measurable or testable, and we propose that there is much greater mass outside of the observable universe, and the clumpy rate of gravitational acceleration of the furthest galaxies is not just the proof for greater mass outside the observable universe, but that the universal gravity equation of Newton can be used to determine the mass outside of the observable universe, and/or the radius of that mass, by vector analysis, when considering that m1 x m2 is not the only force of gravity nor radius, because m1 is also attracted by gravity to m3, m4, m5, ... mn, and so comparative universal gravity vector analysis of the changes in the rates of acceleration of the different masses within and without the furthest galaxies, relative to fixed points beyond the observable universe, creates a probability field for how massive and/or how far the unobservable universe is. Said differently, we could create potential maps of the outside of the universe by creatively using Newton's universal gravity equation to measure the same, even if imperfect, and where physicists have additional and better equations to measure the same.
And so this unobservable mass outside the universe, which we believe the furthest galaxies' acceleration proves, is composed of much greater concentrations of electron volts divided by the speed of light squared, which has been attracting much more gravitons, which is exerting a much greater force of gravity on our furthest galaxies relative to our galaxy for example, which is closer to the center of the Big Bang, causing the furthest galaxies to accelerate by freefall, because our furthest galaxies are insignificantly smaller concentrations of mass relative to the mass outside the observable universe, and so like a drop of water falling out of the sky, our furthest galaxies are falling towards much greater mass is what we believe is the simplest explanation for the acceleration.
But mass can be understood as condensed energy that is no longer moving at the speed of light, and it can be expressed in electron volts/c2, and particle masses are resting masses with zero momentum in Einstein's long-form E=mc2. But when momentum is not zero, and particles don't have zero momentum, then this elongates Einstein's equation into the long form, found here.
Einstein field equations - Wikipedia
From this perspective, energy slows to create two types of particles, force and matter particles, known as bosons and fermions, respectively, and there are seemingly more bosons and fermions with masses expressed as electron volts/c2 outside of the observable universe, than within the observable universe, resulting in our perception that the masses (galaxies) between us and the unobservable universe are accelerating due to gravity.
Said differently, energy blew off the Bug Bang, and slowed or cooled into a sea of particles derived from energy, notably the Higgs, top quark, and tau particles, whose masses may be expressed as electron volts (Energy)/speed of light x speed of light, and from which most to all other particles can be derived, whose masses are also expressed in electron volts/c2.
And so the energy blown off the Big Bang cooled into particles, whose mass is expressed in energy units divided by how much those energy units have slowed, cooled, and/or condensed relative to the speed of light, relative to the momentum of other energy units and/or their condensed, cooled, and/or slowed particles.
Said differently and to paraphrase, within a sea of particles whose mass is expressed in electron volts/c2, a smaller concentration of particles (our most distant accelerating galaxies) whose mass is expressed in electron volts/c2 is attracted to a larger concentration of particles (much greater mass outside of the observable universe) due to gravity, and this is causing our furthest galaxies to accelerate is the proposed theory.